Second Sino-Japanese War: Difference between revisions
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| image = [[File:WW2 Second Sino-Japanese War Gallery.png|360px]]
| caption = '''Clockwise from top left'''
Imperial Japanese Navy landing force in military gas masks in the Battle of Shanghai, 1937
· Japanese Type 92 heavy machine gunners during Operation Ichi-Go, 1944
· Victims of the Nanjing Massacre on the shore of the Qinhuai River, 1938
· Chinese machine gun nest in the Battle of Wuhan, 1938
· Japanese Mitsubishi Ki-21 bomber during the bombing of Chongqing, 1940
· Chinese Expeditionary Force marching in India, 1942
<hr>
| abilities =
| date = 7 July 1937 – Somewhere around 1947
(10 years)
| place = Major
*Pacific
*Mainland China
*Japan
| coordinates =
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| side1 = <div style="background-color: #1d357f; width: 100%; text-align:center;>'''Chinese United Front'''</div>
'''Chinese United Front:'''
<div>[[File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg|25px]] [[China|
<div>[[File:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.png|25px]] [[CPC|Chinese Communist Party]]<div>
<div>[[File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg|25px]] Warlord Cliques <div>
| side2 = <div style="background-color: #b54d4d; width: 100%; text-align:center;>'''Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere:'''</div>
''Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere:'''
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| side4 =
| leaders1 = '''Main Chinese United Front Leaders:'''
<div>[[File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg|25px]] [[Chiang Kai-shek
<div>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|25px]] [[File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg|25px]] [[He Yingqin]] (surrendered)</div>
<div>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|25px]] [[File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg|25px]] [[Chen Cheng]]</div>
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<div>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|25px]] [[File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg|25px]] [[Liu Wenhui]]</div>
<div>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|25px]] [[File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg|25px]] [[Xia Wei]]</div>
<div>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|25px]] [[File:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.png|25px]] [[Mao
<div>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|25px]] [[File:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.png|25px]] [[Zhu De]]</div>
<div>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|25px]] [[File:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.png|25px]] [[Peng Dehuai]]</div>
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<div>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|25px]] [[File:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.png|25px]] [[Yang Chengwu]]</div>
<div>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|25px]] [[File:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.png|25px]] [[Huang Kecheng]]</div>
<div>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|25px]] [[File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg|25px]] [[Ma
<div>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|25px]] [[File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg|25px]] [[Ma Jiyuan]]</div>
<div>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|25px]] [[File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg|25px]] [[Li Mi]]</div>
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Zhang Zuolin, a leader of the Fengtian clique in Manchuria, retreated to Manchuria as the National Revolutionary Army approached Beijing. He was assassinated by the Kwantung Army in 1928. His son, Zhang Xueliang, later declared allegiance to the Nationalist government in Nanjing, reunifying China.
=== 1929 Sino-Soviet
The 1929 Sino-Soviet conflict escalated tensions in the Northeast, leading to the Mukden Incident and the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Soviet Red Army's victory over Xueliang's forces reasserted Soviet control over the Chinese Eastern Railroad (CER) in Manchuria, revealing Chinese military weaknesses that Japanese Kwantung Army officers noticed. This victory stunned Japan, as Manchuria was central to Japan's East Asia policy. The 1929 Red Army victory reopened the Manchurian problem, prompting the Kwantung Army to act quickly.
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== The Role of Ethnic Minorities ==
[[File:Ma Jia Jun.jpg|thumb|249x249px|Chinese Muslim
Japan attempted to rally Chinese ethnic minorities against the Han Chinese, but only managed to secure support from Manchu, Mongol, Uyghur, and Tibetan elements. The Japanese failed to gain support from the Muslim Hui people, as many Chinese generals were Hui. Despite attempts to negotiate with Ma Bufang, they were unsuccessful. Ma Bufang supported the anti-Japanese Imam Hu Songshan, who prayed for the Japanese's destruction. In 1938, Ma became chairman of Qinghai and commanded a group army, despite his anti-Japanese inclinations.
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=== Use of chemical and biological weapons ===
[[File:Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces in Battle of Shanghai 1937.jpg|left|thumb|192x192px|Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces with gas masks and rubber gloves during a chemical attack near Zhabei in the Battle of Shanghai, 1937]]
Despite the Hague Conventions, Treaty of Versailles, and a resolution by the League of Nations condemning the use of poison gas by the Empire of Japan, the Imperial Japanese Army frequently used chemical weapons during the war in China. The Japanese allowed the use of chemical weapons in China because they believed that Chinese forces did not possess the capacity to retaliate in kind. The Japanese incorporated gas warfare into various aspects of their army, including special gas troops, infantry, artillery, engineers, and air force.
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