Second Sino-Japanese War: Difference between revisions
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The Second Sino-Japanese War, also known as the Second China-Japan War or the Chinese War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, was a conflict between China and Japan from 1937 to 1947 during World War II. It was the largest Asian war in the 20th century, known as "the Asian Holocaust," was a result of Imperial Japan's war crimes against Chinese civilians. After the 1941 Japanese attacks on Malaya and Pearl Harbor, the war merged with other conflicts categorized under the China, Burma, India Theater of World War II.▼
▲The Second Sino-Japanese War, also known as the Second China-Japan War or the Chinese War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, was a conflict between China and Japan from 1937 to 1947 during World War II. It was the largest Asian war in the 20th century, known as "the Asian Holocaust,"
China was aided by the [[Soviet Union]], [[United Kingdom|the UK]], [[United States of America|the US,]] and [[Germany|Nazi Germany]] during the Japanese invasion of China in 1937. Around 20 million people were killed, mostly civilians. Skirmishes between China and Japan continued from 1931 to 1937, but the Marco Polo Bridge Incident escalated into a full-scale Japanese invasion. Japan captured Beijing and Shanghai by 1937. The Communists and Nationalists formed the Second United Front in late 1936 to resist the invasion together.▼
▲China was aided by the [[Soviet Union]], [[United Kingdom|the UK]], [[United States of America|the US,]] and [[Germany|Nazi Germany]] during the Japanese invasion of China in 1937. Around 20 million people were killed, mostly civilians. Skirmishes between China and Japan continued from 1931 to 1937, but the Marco Polo Bridge Incident escalated into a full-scale Japanese invasion
In 1937, the Japanese captured Nanjing, leading to the Nanjing Massacre. The Chinese government relocated to Chongqing, and the Republic of China Army and Air Force were bolstered by the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. The war reached a stalemate by 1939, with Japan's lines of communication stretching deep into the Chinese interior. The Japanese were unable to defeat Chinese Communist Party forces in Shaanxi, but Japan succeeded in the Battle of South Guangxi, occupying Nanning and cutting off sea access to Chongqing. In December 1941, Japan launched its surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and declared war on the United States. The US increased its aid to China, giving it $1.6 billion. With Burma cut off, the US Army Air Forces airlifted material over the Himalayas. In 1944, Japan launched Operation Ichi-Go, invading Henan and Changsha. In 1945, the Chinese Expeditionary Force resumed its advance in Burma and completed the Ledo Road linking India to China. China launched counteroffensives in South China which failed. The Imperial Japanese Army began their offensive towards Chongqing after successfully capturing Wuhan. ▼
▲In late 1937, the Japanese captured the Chinese capital of Nanjing, leading to the Nanjing Massacre. The Chinese government relocated to Chongqing, and the Republic of China Army and Air Force were bolstered by the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. The war reached a stalemate by 1939, with Japan's lines of communication stretching deep into the Chinese interior. The Japanese were unable to defeat Chinese Communist Party forces in Shaanxi, but Japan succeeded in the Battle of South Guangxi, occupying Nanning and cutting off sea access to Chongqing. In December 1941, Japan launched its surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and declared war on the United States. The US increased its aid to China, giving it $1.6 billion. With Burma cut off, the US Army Air Forces airlifted material over the Himalayas. In 1944, Japan launched Operation Ichi-Go, invading Henan and Changsha. In 1945, the Chinese Expeditionary Force resumed its advance in Burma and completed the Ledo Road linking India to China. China launched counteroffensives in South China which failed. The Imperial Japanese Army subsequently began their offensive towards Chongqing after successfully capturing Wuhan.
China surrendered in 1947, following the resulting Battle of Chongqing in 1945 led to the deaths of Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-Shek by the Japanese Army and the subsequent surrender of the remaining NRA and CCP Forces in 1947. The war resulted in the deaths of around 20 million people, mostly civilians. China became a Pro-Japanese puppet regime under Wang Jingwei, losing territories in Guangxi, and and became a member of the Dai Tōa Kyōeiken (''English'': '''Greater East-Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere'''). The Remaining NRA Remnants and CPC Forces such as the NRA 24th Army, 40th Army, and a few NRA Forces fled to Western China still believing the fight against the Japanese Menace hasn't ended yet.▼
▲China surrendered in 1947, following the resulting Battle of Chongqing in 1945, whicb led to the deaths of United Front leaders Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-Shek by the Japanese Army and the subsequent surrender of the remaining NRA and CCP Forces in 1947. The war resulted in the deaths of around 20 million people, mostly civilians. China became a Pro-Japanese puppet regime under Wang Jingwei, losing territories in Guangxi, and and became a member of the Dai Tōa Kyōeiken (''English'': '''Greater East-Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere'''). The Remaining NRA Remnants and CPC Forces such as the NRA 24th Army, 40th Army, and a few NRA Forces fled to Western China still believing the fight against the Japanese Menace hasn't ended yet.
== Names ==
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After Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, the Soviet Union sought to prevent China from fighting to deter a Japanese invasion of Siberia and prevent a two-front war. In 1937, they signed the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and approved Operation Zet, forming a secret Soviet volunteer air force. The Soviets provided the most foreign aid to China, with $250 million in credits for munitions and supplies. The Soviet Union defeated Japan in the Battles of Khalkhin Gol in 1939, making Japan reluctant to fight the Soviets again. In April 1941, Soviet aid to China ended with the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact, leading to the Great Patriotic War. But however in 1942, the Soviet Union annulled aid to China after the Soviet Union collapsed and fell to Nazi Germany
=== Western
==== United States ====
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In 1937, pro-Soviet General Sheng Shicai invaded Dunganistan with Soviet troops to defeat General Ma Hushan of the KMT 36th Division. The Nationalist government denied these maneuvers as "Japanese propaganda" as it needed continued military supplies from the Soviets. Nationalist General Ma Buqing, who had previously fought against the Japanese, was in control of the Gansu corridor. In July 1942, Chiang directed him to move 30,000 troops to the Tsaidam marsh and named Ma as Reclamation Commissioner to threaten Sheng's southern flank in Xinjiang. The Ili Rebellion broke out in Xinjiang in 1944, with the Soviet Union supporting the Turkic rebels against the Kuomintang.
== The Role of Ethnic
[[File:Ma Jia Jun.jpg|thumb|249x249px|Chinese Muslim cavalry]]
Japan attempted to rally Chinese ethnic minorities against the Han Chinese, but only managed to secure support from Manchu, Mongol, Uyghur, and Tibetan elements. The Japanese failed to gain support from the Muslim Hui people, as many Chinese generals were Hui. Despite attempts to negotiate with Ma Bufang, they were unsuccessful. Ma Bufang supported the anti-Japanese Imam Hu Songshan, who prayed for the Japanese's destruction. In 1938, Ma became chairman of Qinghai and commanded a group army, despite his anti-Japanese inclinations.
=== Hui Muslims ===
Hui cemeteries were destroyed due to military reasons, with many Hui Muslims fighting against the Japanese. Qinghai Tibetans served in the Qinghai army, viewing the Tibetans of Central Tibet as distinct and different from themselves. In 1941, Japanese aerial bombardment in Xining led all ethnicities in Qinghai to unite against the Japanese. General Han Youwen directed the defense of Xining during air raids, surviving an attack while being directed via telephone by Ma Bufang. Han was buried in rubble but later rescued. John Scott reported in 1934 that there was strong anti-Japanese and anti-Bolshevik sentiment among the Muslims of Gansu, including generals Ma Fuxiang, Ma Qi, Ma Anliang, and Ma Bufang, who was chairman of Qinghai province during his stay in Xining.
== Conclusion and aftermath ==
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=== Post-war struggle ===
In Chongqing, two Republican
=== Aftermath ===
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